Philip Rainey
Do we appreciate what a treasure we have in the Scottish Psalter of 1650? Just as the Authorized Version of the Bible did not appear in a vacuum but was the perfecting of a textual tradition revived at the time of the Reformation, so the Scottish Metrical Version of the Psalms was the ripest fruit of a long and painstaking labour to produce in the English language an accurate versification of the church’s manual of praise.
Psalm-singing has been and is a feature of the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches. As Reformed Christians we believe that the worship of God is not left to man’s imagination but is regulated by God Himself. This is what we call the Regulative Principle: God makes known in His Word how His people are to worship Him. But even those of us who accept this principle and sing only the Psalms, do we ever stop to think about the Psalter—the version of the Psalms—which we sing? It is a sad fact that all too many Reformed Christians today do not. We fail to appreciate the treasure we hold in our hands, when we worship God, in the form of the Scottish Metrical Version of the Psalms. This short article is an attempt to rectify this failure.
1. Historical Background
The Scottish Metrical Version of 1650 (SMV) has a noble pedigree. It can trace its lineage right back to the Protestant Reformation and to the very first Psalters of the Reformation. This is one of the reasons why Presbyterians ought to value their Psalter. This point is confirmed by the fact that some of the versions in our Psalter were carried over from the Reformation Psalters.
In 1539 John Calvin printed nineteen Psalms in Strasbourg. This was the Strasbourg Psalter, the fountain-head from which Reformed Psalmody flowed forth. It was the Reformer’s desire to give the people their rightful place in worship that the Romish Church had denied them. When Calvin returned to Geneva he saw to it that the Psalter was completed, as it was in 1562.
Calvin’s Geneva became a refuge for those persecuted for their faith during the reign of Mary Tudor (1553-1558). One of these was the Scottish Reformer John Knox, who along with other exiles produced a Book of Order for use in the English Congregation at Geneva. This included fifty-one Psalms, this number growing to eighty-seven in the third edition of the Psalter. This Psalter is known as the Anglo-Genevan Psalter. The preface to the Psalter makes it clear how it was the Reformers’ concern to translate the Psalms as literally as possible. Bearing in mind they had some Psalm-versions already to hand, they declared,
In this our Enterprise we did only set God before our Eyes; and therefore weighed the Words and Sense of the Prophet, rather considering the Meaning thereof than what any Man had written. And chiefly being in this Place, where as most perfect and godly Judgement did assure us, and Exhortations to the same encourage us, we thought it better to frame the Rhyme to the Hebrew Sense, than binde the Sense to the English Meeter.
The eighty-seven versions of the third edition of the Anglo-Genevan Psalter were the basis for the First Scottish Psalter. Knox brought these Psalms back with him from Geneva and in 1562 the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland directed that the Psalter should be completed. The Psalter was completed in 1564, it being the direct forbear of our present Psalter.
Our present Psalter (SMV, 1650) arose out of the conviction that although the Psalter of 1564 was a faithful translation of the original, its variety of metre was too difficult for the common people. As a consequence of the Second Scottish Reformation it was decided to reform religion in the three kingdoms, hence the Westminster Assembly of Divines 1643-1647. The Westminster Assembly produced a new Psalter which was a revision of one by Francis Rous. But before accepting it the Kirk subjected it to a thorough examination and revision taking some two years and four months. The result was our present Psalter, the SMV of 1650.
2. Appraisal
There are three things we may say in appraisal of the SMV of 1650.
a. Faithfulness to the Original
The most important point about our Psalter is its faithfulness to the original Scripture. Unlike modern Psalters the SMV is not a paraphrase, but a translation. This is the case with all the Reformation Psalters. We have already noted the attitude of Knox and his associates to the translation of the Psalms. Consciously and deliberately our Reformed forefathers produced translations of the Psalms. The fact that they were translations into verse (or metre) does not mean paraphrase. What it does mean is contraction and dilation of Hebrew words and phrases. For example, “For he hath not despised nor abhorred the affliction of the afflicted” was contracted to “For he despis’d not nor abhorr’d th’ afflicted’s misery” (Ps. 22:24). The preservation of the force of the Hebrew is the outstanding feature of our Psalter and the reason why we should prefer it above all others.
b. Authorization
The SMV received the sanction of the civil power in 1650 as well as that of the Church. This sanction, which excluded the use of any other version in Scotland, was confirmed by the Revolution Settlement of 1688-90 which re-established Presbyterianism in Scotland.
c. Unity in Doctrine and Worship
The SMV has been a powerful force for liturgical and doctrinal unity in both Scotland and Ireland where it alone was the Church’s songbook for over two centuries. It is surely no accident that when the Churches began to produce their own revisions we have seen “individualism” win the day with the Presbyterian Churches each having their own Psalter, and worse still in some cases their own collections of uninspired songs.
3. Conclusion
What then ought we to do? It is our fervent hope that if you are a member of a church which still uses the SMV of 1650 you will have a greater appreciation of the spiritual treasure you hold in your hands. You may be sure that when you sing praise from it, you sing the words of God. And you need not be ashamed of its connections. This is truly a Reformed Psalter. These were the songs of the martyrs, the songs of our Reformed and Presbyterian forefathers. May God grant that they will continue to be our songs today.
